Iron in the brain linked to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s patients


Iron accumulation in the outer layer of the brain is associated with cognitive deterioration in people with Alzheimer’s disease, scientists report. 

MRI scans showed higher levels of iron in regions of the brain, including deep grey matter, temporal lobes and neo-cortex, in people with Alzheimer’s compared with those without the disease of the same age. 

Brain iron accumulation was associated with cognitive deterioration in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease over the over the course of 17 years. 

High iron concentrations cause a key protein – known as amyloid beta – to clump together in and around brain cells, which causes Alzheimer’s. 

The results offer hope of medications that target the cause of Alzheimer’s – for which there is currently no cure – rather than the symptoms.

Drugs that reduce the iron burden in the brain, known as chelators, could have a potential role in Alzheimer’s disease treatment.  

Iron from the blood is essential for the brain’s neurological function but the chemical element needs to be tightly regulated to prevent adverse effects. 

Brain maps of healthy control participants and participants with Alzheimer disease. Iron accumulation was associated with cognitive deterioration independently of brain volume loss. (Alzheimer’s disease is associated with higher rates of brain tissue loss than normal ageing.)

WHAT IS AN MRI SCAN? 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body.

An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube during the scan.

An MRI scan can be used to examine almost any part of the body, including the brain and spinal cord, bones and joints, breasts, heart and blood vessels and internal organs – such as the liver, womb or prostate gland. 

The results of an MRI scan can be used to help diagnose conditions, plan treatments and assess how effective previous treatment has been.

In the brain, iron has been linked with the development of oxygen molecules that have been altered by a chemical reaction, though to be an early contributor to Alzheimer’s development. 

‘Our study provides support for the hypothesis of impaired iron homeostasis in Alzheimer’s disease and indicates that the use of iron chelators in clinical trials might be a promising treatment target,’ said co-author Professor Reinhold Schmidt at the Medical University of Graz in Austria. 

‘MRI-based iron mapping could be used as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease prediction and as a tool to monitor treatment response in therapeutic studies.’ 

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive type of dementia that impairs and eventually destroys memory and other brain functions. 

There is no cure, although some treatments are thought to slow the progression and medicines can help relieve some of the symptoms. 

Psychological treatments such as cognitive stimulation therapy may also be offered to patients to support their memory, problem solving skills and language ability, the NHS says. 

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.  

Previous research has linked abnormally high levels of iron in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease. 

High levels of iron were first reported in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease in 1953, according to Alzheimer’s Society UK.   

Iron accumulation correlates with amyloid beta – the protein that clumps together in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.  

'Brain map' of one study participant superimposed with cortical and subcortical segmentations

‘Brain map’ of one study participant superimposed with cortical and subcortical segmentations

These clumps form ‘plaques’ that collect between neurons, otherwise known as nerve cells, and disrupt cell function. 

IRON OVERLOAD 

Iron is an essential element for the production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen around the body.

Deficiency can cause anaemia, which makes us feel tired and breathless.

But an excess of iron in the blood – known as hemochromatosis or iron overload – can result from too much iron being absorbed from the food we eat.

This can result in excess iron being stored in our organs, which can lead to arthritis, liver disease, diabetes and heart problems. 

In the brain, iron has been linked with the development of ‘reactive oxygen species’ (ROS). 

These are oxygen molecules that have been altered by a chemical reaction.

ROS are believed to be an early contributor to the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease development.  

Associations have also been found between iron and neurofibrillary tangles – abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collect inside neurons. 

These tangles block the neuron’s transport system, which harms the communication between neurons. 

It is known that deep grey matter structures of patients with Alzheimer’s disease contain higher brain iron concentrations. 

Grey matter of the brain is high in neural cell bodies and plays a major part in the central nervous system. 

But less is known about the neocortex, the deeply grooved outer layer of the brain that is involved with language, conscious thought and other important functions. 

Researchers therefore performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 200 people – half of whom had Alzheimer’s.

Of the 100 participants with Alzheimer’s disease, 56 had subsequent neuro-psychological testing and a follow-up brain MRI 17 months later, on average. 

MRI let the scientists create a map of brain iron, determining iron levels in parts of the brain.

These include the temporal lobes – located at the bottom of the brain and vital for communication – and occipital lobes in the back of the head, which help with visual processing. 

Schematic representation of MRI processing. Left: Cortical and subcortical segmentations. Right: brain map corrected for macroscopic field inhomogeneities, where median values were calculated for each region and then used for further statistical analyses

Schematic representation of MRI processing. Left: Cortical and subcortical segmentations. Right: brain map corrected for macroscopic field inhomogeneities, where median values were calculated for each region and then used for further statistical analyses

‘We found indications of higher iron deposition in the deep grey matter and total neo-cortex, and regionally in temporal and occipital lobes, in Alzheimer’s patients compared with age-matched healthy individuals,’ said Professor Schmidt. 

‘These results are all in keeping with the view that high concentrations of iron significantly promote amyloid beta deposition and neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease.’       

The brain iron accumulation was associated with cognitive deterioration independently of brain volume loss. 

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with higher rates of brain tissue loss than normal ageing. 

The team also found changes in iron levels over time in the temporal lobes correlated with cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.

‘These results are all in keeping with the view that high concentrations of iron significantly promote amyloid beta deposition and neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease,’ Professor Schmidt said.    

Impaired iron stability for people with Alzheimer’s disease indicates that iron chelators in clinical trials might be a promising treatment.

Iron chelation therapy involves giving patients drugs, most commonly desferrioxamine, to rid them of iron in their urine. 

The results have been published in the journal Radiology.

HOW TO DETECT ALZHEIMER’S

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory, thinking skills and the ability to perform simple tasks.

It is the cause of 60 percent to 70 percent of cases of dementia.

The majority of people with Alzheimer’s are age 65 and older.

More than five million Americans have Alzheimer’s.

It is unknown what causes Alzheimer’s. Those who have the APOE gene are more likely to develop late-onset Alzheimer’s.

 Signs and symptoms:

  • Difficulty remembering newly learned information
  • Disorientation
  • Mood and behavioral changes
  • Suspicion about family, friends and professional caregivers
  • More serious memory loss
  • Difficulty with speaking, swallowing and walking

Stages of Alzheimer’s:

  • Mild Alzheimer’s (early-stage) – A person may be able to function independently but is having memory lapses
  • Moderate Alzheimer’s (middle-stage) – Typically the longest stage, the person may confuse words, get frustrated or angry, or have sudden behavioral changes
  • Severe Alzheimer’s disease (late-stage) – In the final stage, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, carry on a conversation and, eventually, control movement

There is no known cure for Alzheimer’s, but experts suggest physical exercise, social interaction and adding brain boosting omega-3 fats to your diet to prevent or slowdown the onset of symptoms.