Bacteria in your GUT 'affects Covid-19 severity'

A person’s gut microbiome may play a role in fighting off coronavirus infection and preventing severe Covid-19 symptoms, according to new studies.

Each person has a unique assortment of bacteria in their gut which play a variety of roles, including in modulating the immune response.

Research from the Chinese University of Hong Kong found people suffering with Covid-19 had a ‘significantly altered’ microbiome composition.

Separate research from South Korea found people with a poorly functioning gut are more likely to develop severe Covid-19 because the lack of healthy microbes makes it easier for the virus to infect cells in the digestive tract.

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Each person has a unique assortment of bacteria in their gut which play a variety of roles, including in modulating the immune response. Research from the Chinese University of Hong Kong found people suffering with Covid-19 had a ‘significantly altered’ microbiome composition (stock)

The team from Hong Kong examined blood, stool and patient records from 100 hospital patients with Covid-19 between February and May 2020, and 27 of these patients also provided samples 30 days after the infection had passed.

Researchers also collected samples from 78 people without Covid-19 who were taking part in a microbiome study before the pandemic.

The study concludes the gut microbiome may be involved in the ‘magnitude of Covid-19 severity possibly via modulating host immune responses’.

The authors found that patients with Covid-19 had depleted levels of several gut bacteria known to modify a person’s immune response.

For example, there was evidence of elevated levels of some bacteria, including Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques and Bacteroides dorei.

There was also depleted levels of microbes known to help the immune system, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium bifidum.

The changes to bacterial composition endured for at least a month after the virus had cleared.

Foods and supplements to help Covid-proof your gut

A balanced diet that consists of items from all the major food groups is the best way to maintain a healthy gut microbiome.

Some species of bacteria live in our guts and help us digest food that our bodies would otherwise be unable to get nutrition from.

As a by-product of this process, the microbiome also boosts metabolism, digestion and the immune system.

The Hong Kong research found people with Covid had low levels of the bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium bifidum.

They also found elevated levels of Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques, Bacteroides dorei and Bacteroides vulgatus.

These bacteria play a role in regulating the immune response and if their levels rise in comparison to other bacteria they can have negative side-effects.

‘R. gnavus and R. torques in the gut have been reported to co-occur with inflammatory bowel disease and B. dorei and B. vulgatus are implicated in several inflammatory gut diseases such as irritable bowel disease and ulcerative colitis,’ the researchers write in their study.

F. prausnitziiInulin – Inulin

The amount of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is increased by a molecule called inulin – a polysaccharide which means it is various sugar molecules bonded together.

Inulin is naturally-occurring in wheat, onion, banana, garlic, and leek.

However, it is abundant in chicory and has been extracted on an industrial scale and turned into a supplement.

Inulin powder and capsules can be bought off the shelf from Holland and Barrett, and other retailers.

B. bifidum – Fibre, fermented food, grains and prebiotics

Growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum is promoted by fibre and also fermented products such as kombucha, kefir and kimchi.

Whole grains and polyphenols (found in cocoa, red wine, grape skins and almonds) have also been found to improve production of Bifidobacteria.

Off-the shelf prebiotic supplements are also believed to boost the amount of Bifidiobacteria in the gut.

Ruminococcus gnavus – Fruit

According to a 2016 study, apples and pears are good at reducing levels of R. gnavus.

‘Our finding that total fruit and apple/pear serve intakes were both shown to be negatively associated with the relative abundance of species related to R. gnavus is somewhat surprising,’ researchers write in the study.

Ruminococcus torques – Fruit

The above 2016 story says their ‘surprising’ finding is backed up by research which looked at almost 1,200 adults.

‘A recent large Dutch population based study… found that fruit intake was negatively associated with the abundance of the closely related R. torques,’ the study says.

‘In light of reports that a subset of recovered patients with COVID-19 experience persistent symptoms, such as fatigue, dyspnoea [breathlessness] and joint pains, some over 80 days after initial onset of symptoms, we posit that the dysbiotic gut microbiome could contribute to immune-related health problems post-COVID-19,’ the authors write in their paper, published in the journal Gut.

Blood samples revealed this microbial imbalance was also linked to higher levels of cytokines, small molecules which are a natural part of the immune response but can cause damage if not properly regulated.

How tocilizumab and sarilumab work

The two drugs tocilizumab and sarilumab are anti inflammatory.

They are currently used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and similar conditions.

In Covid patients they inhibit a specific part of the immune system which occurs when the body goes haywire and attacks itself.

it stops little molecules called interleukin 6 (IL-6) from latching on to their receptors.

Normally, when they bind to the receptors they cause it to die, which leads to significant damage.

In Covid patients this happens in the lungs and airways and leads to respiratory issues.

By getting in the way of this pathway the drugs allow the body to retain its natural immune response equilibrium and improve a patient’s condition.

A hallmark of severe Covid is the immune system going haywire following coronavirus infection and, in severe cases, attacking healthy cells and tissues.

This so-called ‘cytokine storm’ sees the small molecules pumped out in vast quantities as their regulatory system is broken and they go on to wreak havoc.

This can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a potentially fatal condition.

If a patient’s condition deteriorates to this point, it is difficult to intervene and, as a result, preventing cytokine storms has become a primary focus of coronavirus drug trials.

Two such treatments, anti-inflammatories called tocilizumab and sarilumab which are currently used to treat arthritis, were recently approved for use in intensive care on Covid-19 patients by the NHS.

Recent results from the REMAP-CAP clinical trial showed people who only received dexamethasone in intensive care had a death rate of 35.8 per cent. This dropped to just 25.3 per cent when they were also given either tocilizumab or sarilumab.

The latest study was observational and is unable to say if Covid-19 changes the gut microbiome, or a weakened microbiome leads to more severe infection.

However, a separate study by South Korean researchers, published in Mbio, although only a review, indicates the latter option is the most likely.

Research from South Korea found people with a poorly functioning gut are more likely to develop severe Covid-19 because the lack of healthy microbes makes it easier for the virus to infect cells in the digestive tract (stock)

Academics at Korea University’s Laboratory for Human-Microbial Interactions analysed data from various studies which looked at the impact of poor gut health on coronavirus infection.

Dr Heenam Stanley Kim, who led the review, believes there is now substantial evidence to back up the claims that gut microbiome pays an integral role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Dr Kim says a dysfunctional gut may exacerbate the severity of infection because lower microbial levels make it easier for the coronavirus to reach the surface of the digestive tract and internal organs.

These organs have a receptor on their surface called ACE2 and this protruding protein is what the virus hijacks in order to gain access to a cell. it is found in high quantities in the lungs and respiratory tract as well as the digestive system.

‘There seems to be a clear connection between the altered gut microbiome and severe COVID-19,’ Dr Kim said.

Gut microbiome is highly sensitive and reacts based on a person’s health, diet and environment.

Scientists continue to learn more about importance but it is known that people with underlying health conditions such as high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes have an imbalanced microbiome.

Older people are at the highest risk of dying from Covid-19 — the CDC in the US says over-85s are 630 times more likely to die from Covid-19 infection than a person aged between 18 and 29 — and also often suffer with poorly functioning microbiomes, Dr Kim says.